Digital Transformation
Online anonymity: Can technology save democracy?
January 5, 2026
12 min read
Trust in the digital age: how online anonymity, digital identity and EU rules like eIDAS 2.0 can protect democracy from fake news and polarization.
On the Innovantage podcast, its host and Sigli’s CBDO Max Golikov and his guests often talk about technology from a business perspective. In this episode, the focus is shifted to the role of technology in political and social life. What are the risks of online anonymity? And how can it harm democracy?To find answers to these questions, Max invited Belgian politician and former State Secretary for Digitalization Mathieu Michel to join him for a conversation.Today, Mathieu is a member of the Belgian parliament and focuses on innovation and emerging technologies, including blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity. His work centers on how these technologies shape democracy, economic development, and the daily lives of citizens.As Mathieu explained, his core mission is to ensure that technological progress is grounded in trust. According to him, innovation can create positive opportunities only when citizens have confidence in the systems behind it. And politics plays a critical role in establishing this trust and guiding technology toward the public good.Today, Mathieu is one of the leading voices behind Europe’s digital identity initiatives, such as eIDAS 2.0 and the Declaration of Leuven. He emphasized that digital tools must reinforce democratic values. However, at the same time, technology carries risks, and society should be ready to face them. Role of technologyMathieu views technology as a tool to improve human life. Being a liberal and an optimist, he believes deeply in people’s ability to create positive change. What motivates him is humanity’s constant capacity to invent new solutions that make life easier and better.Today’s major challenges, like climate, mobility, healthcare, and others, require forward momentum. However, when societies face uncertainty, many instinctively look backward.Though emerging technologies inevitably raise hard questions and introduce new risks, according to Mathieu, that is not a reason to slow down. It is a reason to stay creative and find solutions.The EU AI Act and its impact on technologyCurrently, we can observe the growing influence of artificial intelligence on democratic systems.Europe began discussing AI regulation four years ago. But the AI Act took effect only three years later. This illustrates how slowly governance moves compared to technological progress. Nevertheless, as Mathieu stressed, regulation is essential for establishing trust. But it must not become a barrier to innovation.Policymakers need a deeper understanding of emerging technologies and a more proactive mindset. Instead of slowing innovation, governments should guide and support it. As a result, AI will be able to develop in such a way that strengthens society and expands opportunities.Europe’s habit of limiting technologyEurope often responds to emerging technologies with excessive caution. Though the AI Act’s risk-based approach has its value, the final framework imposes more restrictions than necessary. According to Mathieu, Europe underestimates the global competitive landscape, particularly against regions moving faster on AI development.Overregulation could leave Europe technologically behind. The solution is not to suppress or fear new tools, but to guide their deployment responsibly. While some regulations prohibit innovation, it’s important to support it, especially on issues like misinformation and online harm.There are proposals that resemble “ministries of truth,” where authorities decide what is true or false online. Such initiatives could undermine democratic principles and even lead to dystopian scenarios.Fake news: Real threatFighting misinformation starts with strengthening people’s ability to think critically. And education here is central. Citizens need practical tools that will help them verify identity and understand who they are interacting with online. As a result, they will be able to apply the same judgment they use in the physical world.The core problem is that the online environment was built differently from the real world. Anonymity and unclear accountability are among the core characteristics of the online space. Reintroducing basic trust mechanisms would help people navigate AI-generated content, fake news, harassment, and social platforms more safely.As philosopher Hannah Arendt stated, without facts, genuine opinion becomes impossible. Fake news eliminates the possibility to create shared reality for all citizens, which weakens the foundation of democratic life. Freedom and responsibility in the digital ageMathieu noted that digital identity must balance two core pillars of human existence: freedom and responsibility. In the physical world, individuals exercise their freedom with the understanding that their actions have consequences for others. The introduction of the internet enabled access to information but also weakened accountability.When people operate anonymously, responsibility often disappears. This leads to harassment, misinformation, and harmful behavior online. At the same time, our real-world interactions rely on knowing who we engage with. Freedom of expression remains fundamental, but users must have the ability to evaluate who is speaking and whether they have relevant expertise. Today, there are a lot of examples of fake videos produced by AI. Some of them look quite realistic. This signals a shift to a world where digital content is false by default. It means that individuals now need to verify authenticity, instead of just assuming it.Verifying who we areIt is necessary to build efficient methods to bring responsibility back into the digital world. The first step is to understand how responsibility works in the real world.In real life, as citizens, we are accountable to our country and to society. If we commit a crime or break rules, we are responsible because our actions are tied to our citizenship.How do we reconnect responsibility in the digital world? The answer is simple: we need to know people who are online. This doesn’t mean everyone must be identifiable all the time, but when we want accountability, digital identities must be linked to real people.Technological standards make this possible. The EU regulation called eIDAS provides standards for applications that verify digital identities. This ensures that online, the person you are interacting with is real and accountable. For example, you can sign a digital contract knowing the other party is a real person, or verify that an article or research is signed by an actual expert.This approach doesn’t prevent people from speaking freely online. It simply allows verification when needed. Governments and private platforms can adopt these standards. For instance, Belgium has introduced a digital wallet, MyGov, where verified digital identities can be used across multiple applications.In Europe, the Declaration of Leuven standardized three types of online profiles:Verified profilesVerifiable profiles (like in blockchain-based systems)Anonymous profilesBeing anonymous is still allowed. But platforms can choose to apply these standards to differentiate profiles. For example, on Facebook, you could filter content to see only verified users or choose to include anonymous users. The experience changes completely when you can tell who is behind a post, message, or email.This also applies to AI and digital content. You could sign an algorithm, an AI output, or even a photo, to guarantee that you are responsible for it. Identity vs. profileIt’s important to distinguish between a profile and an identity. When you are on PlayStation, Facebook, or any forum, you are using a profile. A profile doesn’t make you responsible. It is just a representation of yourself online. You can be anyone you want.An identity, on the other hand, links you to responsibility. It allows others to verify who you are and keep you accountable for your actions. An identity doesn’t prevent anonymity entirely. But if you want to be responsible, there must be a way to trace actions back to you.When people know their actions are tied to a real identity, it can reduce aggression and help restore social norms from the real world into the digital space.Digital acceleration and its impact on democracyIn the real world, it took centuries to balance freedom of speech, social control, and responsibility. Laws and social norms evolved slowly over time.Digital technology, however, accelerated this process dramatically. The internet’s early anonymity temporarily removed personal accountability, which boosted unrestricted freedom of expression. While this allowed new voices to be heard, it also fueled polarization and misinformation.We can see the effects in modern politics, for example, in the United States, where digital dynamics have amplified divisions and challenged shared truths. The rules of the strongest or loudest voices dominate online discourse. If unchecked and not managed properly, it could threaten the foundations of democracy, as such a situation undermines trust and accountability.Democracies won’t be saved by a single action or the push of a button. They require ongoing reflection and effort.Bringing responsibility back into the digital world is key to slowing polarization. This isn’t just a problem in the United States. It is also visible in Italy, France, Belgium, and other countries. People often prefer black-and-white thinking as they don’t want to consider the nuances and shades of gray.Identity verification for privacy and securityAccording to Mathieu, identity verification tools should not just impose obligations. They should open new opportunities for people. The goal is to know who people are interacting with online and leave the choice of using verification to the individual. For instance, a platform like Facebook could offer verification, and users could decide whether to participate.Verified identities can improve online interactions and strengthen communities. Nevertheless, anonymity also has value, as it preserves freedom of speech when necessary. People might choose to be verified in some situations and anonymous in others. Flexibility is key.In certain cases, partial verification may be required, such as confirming a user is over 18 to access age-restricted content. These tools can provide security and accountability without limiting personal freedom.Building trust in digital identityMany citizens have some concerns about sharing personal data online. They may have fears of misuse, data leaks, or the implications for vulnerable groups, like immigrants. These concerns are valid and must be addressed carefully.The solution lies in building trust through secure, standardized identity verification. The eIDAS framework establishes technical standards for authenticating identity while prioritizing privacy by default. It is designed not to control people. Instead, it is aimed at confirming facts about them, such as age, citizenship, or other credentials. As a result, online interactions can be trusted.Trust is the foundation of digital innovation. People may trust different institutions, governments, banks, or companies like Google. But what matters is that they trust something.In Belgium, Mathieu led the MyData project. This platform allows citizens to see who accessed their data and for what purpose. This transparency is crucial for building confidence in how personal information is handled.Rethinking trust in social media platformsToday, all major platforms that Europeans use are American. But can people trust such platforms with their data? There is no simple answer. What matters is introducing digital tools that enhance user responsibility and experience.If platforms like Facebook choose not to adopt such tools, new European services that respect accountability and provide better experiences for users could emerge. Mathieu mentioned examples like Twitter’s transition to X, where changes in policy pushed many users to leave. Similar dynamics could occur across Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, or Snapchat. By enabling users to choose how they are identified, Europe could foster new social media models that prioritize responsibility and trust.Why startups should invest in digital identityDigital identity regulation creates significant opportunities for innovation. Startups can develop secure, verifiable channels and even physical devices to store and manage digital identities.Many users avoid online markets simply because they don’t trust the system. If startups introduce reliable authentication tools, they can unlock a huge, untapped market.The eIDAS standards allow any company to build solutions that help users verify their identities. This could range from social media applications to secure email plugins that guarantee the sender’s identity.It would be a missed opportunity if only tech giants like Google, Facebook, or Microsoft dominated this space. Startups have the potential to lead the way and create innovative tools for the digital world.European values as a business opportunityAs Mathieu highlighted, Europe’s shared values can become a foundation for new business models. Many people prefer to engage with services that respect European principles, such as human-centered technology and personal data ownership.In the US, data often belongs to companies. In China, the government owns it. In Europe, it should belong to the people. This perspective opens opportunities for European companies to offer alternatives where users control their own data.How regulation can fuel startup growthAccording to Mathieu, the economy and startups should thrive through ideas and private investment, not government intervention. The government’s role is to create a positive environment and rules that unlock the potential of startups.Good regulation is more effective than incentives alone. Europe’s regulations, like GDPR and NIS2, protect citizens and human-centered values. But they can be heavy and challenging for startups. Lighter, well-designed regulations would help startups innovate while safeguarding essential principles.However, the main investment challenge in Europe isn’t for startups or early-stage scale-ups. In this region, companies transitioning to a larger scale have the biggest issues. At this stage, securing funds becomes difficult, and many promising European startups end up relocating to the United States.This isn’t a problem of subsidies. It’s a lack of investors willing to commit at this level. Europe nurtures seeds of innovation, but the gap in late-stage investment drives its most promising companies abroad. As a result, European success is often measured by exits to American companies.Investments in the future of technologies Ten years ago, companies like OpenAI and Nvidia were small or unknown. But they managed to become global leaders because they are ready to innovate. European startups can achieve the same, but only if they focus on the next generation of technologies.Blockchain can be a good example here. While some hesitate to adopt it due to financial risk or uncertainty about its future relevance, due to a lack of experimentation, Europe will always lag behind. The same applies to other emerging fields like quantum computing.Digital literacy: A cornerstone of democracyRapid digitization has outpaced society’s ability to adapt. Now, it is vital to address this gap in education, not just for young people, but for everyone.The impact of AI has grown very quickly, which makes it essential to help people navigate these technologies for themselves. Mathieu compared digital literacy to swimming. Just as physics behaves differently in water than on land, actions in the digital world have unique consequences that require understanding.Today, Belgium has a program on digital citizenship. The country also cooperates with the Council of Europe to create educational initiatives that can be very helpful. They focus on essential skills, like managing identity, passwords, and privacy online. Thanks to them, individuals can engage responsibly and freely. As Mathieu explained, digital identity and secure standards are not about restricting freedom. They are designed to restore the balance between freedom and responsibility that allowed democratic societies to flourish before the internet existed.Want to learn more about the future of technologies and the new challenges that they bring? Don’t miss the next episodes of the Innovantage podcast.